​

Cadmus

In Greek mythology, Cadmus was of divine ancestry, the grandson of the sea god Poseidon and Libya on his father's side, and of Nilus (the River Nile) on his mother's side. He was son to king Agenor and queen Telephassa of Tyre. He was a prince of Phoenicia. He was brother to Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Cadmus was tasked with traveling to Samothrace (Greek Island in the Aegean Sea) to retrieve Europa and bring her back to Tyre (southern Lebanon in Mediterranean Sea) and although the journey was dangerous, he did it, never found his sister, followed a cow to now Thebes and founded Thebes (with permission from Athena) and in return Zeus offered him a wife, Harmonia. He was considered a member of the fifth generation of beings following the (mythological) creation of the world. With his wife, Harmonia, he was the father of 5 children, 1 son (Polydorus) and 4 daughters (Agave, Autonoë, Ino, and Semele). In rare account, the couple instead had 6 daughters which are called the Cadmiades: Ino, Agaue (spelled with a ‘u’), Semele, not Autonoë but three others Eurynome , Kleantho and Eurydike.

 

According to Greek mythology, Cadmus lived in 2000 BC where he was the legendary Phoenician hero and founder and first king of Thebes (a powerful town in the ancient times, close to Athens), and was the greatest hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles. Cadmus's descendants ruled at Thebes on and off for several generations, including the time of the Trojan War. He introduced the original Phoenician alphabet to the Greeks, who adapted it to form their Greek alphabet. He is also credited with the foundation of several cities in Illyria, like Bouthoe and Lychnidu and therefore is referred to as an ancestor of Illyrians. In Greek Baby Names the meaning of the name Cadmus is: He who excels; from the east. Cadmus was also known by a different name, Hermes.

 

Harmonia

Cadmus was sent by his royal parents to seek out and escort his sister Europa back to Tyre (mediterranean coast of southern Lebanon) after she was abducted from Phoenicia by Zeus and taken to Samonthrace (a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea). He never found his sister. Perhaps because Zeus had turned her into a cow. After being unsuccessful in his quest, he consulted the Delphic oracle, which ordered him to give up his quest, follow a cow, and build a town on the spot where she lay down. The cow guided him to Boeotia (Cow Land), where he founded the city of Thebes after it was bestowed to him by Athena. At that time, Zeus offered him Harmonia. Harmonia is daughter of Venus [Aphrodite] and Mars [Ares].

 

All the gods honored Harmonia and Cadmus’ wedding with their presence. Cadmus presented the bride with a robe and necklace, which he had received either from Hephaestus or from Europa. Other traditions stated that Harmonia received this necklace (ὅρμος) from some of the gods, either from Aphrodite or Athena. But this necklace, commonly referred to as the necklace of Harmonia, brought misfortune to all who possessed it. Hyginus gives another version. According to him, the thing which brought ill fate to the descendants of Harmonia is not a necklace, but a robe "dipped in crime", given to Harmonia by Hephestus and Hera.

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Cadmus and Harmonia

Cadmus (and Harmonia) ruled as King in the region of Thebes but also he ruled the Enchelei ancient peoples, an Illyrian tribe that lived around the River Drin and the region of Lake Shkodra and Lake Ohrid, in modern-day Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. Enchelei derived from ngjalë (eel).

 

As protector of the area, Cadmus killed a dragon who was the guard of a swatter spring near Thebes (the fountain of Castalia). The story goes that Cadmus went to fetch water for a ritual from a nearby spring, but the spring belonged to a dragon, the offspring of Ares, god of savagery and war, and it refused Cadmus’s request. So, Cadmus killed the dragon and took the water anyway and made the sacrifice. With this, he, of course, offended Mars, Harmonia’s father, to whom the dragon (some call it a serpent) is sacred because it’s his son. And in return, Mars [Ares] curses the house of Cadmus [his daughter’s Harmonia’s house, too]. As a result, all of their children live and die tragically, including one of the grandson’s Pentheus, son of Agave. By most accounts, Cadmus and Harmonia had 5 children, 1 son (Polydorus) and 4 daughters (Agave, Autonoë, Ino, and Semele). In rare account, the couple instead had 6 daughters which are called the Cadmiades: Ino, Agaue (spelled with a ‘u’), Semele, not Autonoë but three others Eurynome , Kleantho and Eurydike.

 

According to some sources, Cadmus and Harmonia pleaded with the gods to be transformed into black serpents after suffering immense misfortunes and were sent by Zeus to the Islands of the Blessed (Elysian Fields) where they spent eternity in a blissful afterlife. In other traditions, Cadmus and Harmonia were transformed into serpents after their deaths, and the serpents watched over their tombs while their souls were sent to the Elysian Fields (an afterlife place where only mortals related to gods and other heroes could be admitted, to live a blessed and happy afterlife, and indulge in whatever enjoyment they had enjoyed in life).

 

Hence, the story that when Cadmus was the first to be turned into a serpent, Harmonia, in her grief stripped herself, then begged Cadmus to come to her. As she was embraced by the serpent Cadmus in a pool of wine, the gods then turned her into a serpent, too, unable to stand watching her in her dazed state.

 

                                            Read more about Europa and other characters in the Iliad and Odyssey.